Mounts & Accessories • Mid-Range
Geissele Super Precision Mount
- ✓Extended cantilever
- ✓30mm and 34mm tube options
$315.49
Check Price at OpticsPlanet
AR-15BallisticsCalculatorIntermediate
AR-15 Ballistics Calculator 2026: Drop, Drift & Trajectory Tool
Physics-based trajectory calculator for AR-15 and rifle cartridges. Compute bullet drop, wind drift, time of flight, and energy retention from 0-1000 yards with environmental corrections for altitude, temperature, and humidity.
Assumes knowledge of
300 Blackout vs 5.56 vs 6.5 Grendel 2026->AR-15 Barrel Length 2026->Quick Answer: What You'll Learn
Ballistic Coefficient (BC): Higher BC means less drop and wind drift. Use G1 for most shooting under 600 yards, G7 for precision beyond 600.
Environmental Factors: Higher altitude and temperature reduce air density, making bullets drop less. Humidity has minimal effect.
Practical Use: Use the calculator below to generate dope cards. Holdovers work for dynamic shooting inside 400 yards; dial turrets for precision beyond that.
What is External Ballistics?
External ballistics is the study of bullet behavior after leaving the barrel. Once the projectile exits the muzzle, it's subject to gravity, air resistance, and wind. These forces cause the bullet to drop below your line of sight and drift laterally in crosswinds.Understanding these forces lets you predict where your bullet will impact at any distance. This knowledge is essential for making accurate shots beyond close range, whether you're shooting steel at 300 yards or hunting at 400.Understanding Ballistic Coefficient (BC)
The ballistic coefficient measures how well a bullet resists air drag. A higher BCBC[Ballistics]Ballistic Coefficient. A measure of how well a bullet cuts through the air. Higher numbers mean less drag and better long-range performance. means the bullet retains velocity better, drops less, and drifts less in wind. BCBC[Ballistics]Ballistic Coefficient. A measure of how well a bullet cuts through the air. Higher numbers mean less drag and better long-range performance. depends on bullet weight, diameter, and shape.G1 vs G7 Drag Models
Bullets are compared against standard projectile shapes. G1 is the traditional reference based on a flat-base bullet from the 1800s. G7 is based on a modern boat-tail bullet and is more accurate for today's projectiles.- G1: Most commonly published. Works well for flat-base and shorter-range calculations. Most manufacturer specs use G1.
- G7: More accurate for boat-tail bullets at extended range. Better models transonic/supersonic transition. Preferred by precision shooters.
Environmental Factors
Air density affects how much drag the bullet experiences. Lower air density means less drag, so the bullet retains velocity better and drops less.Altitude
Higher altitude means lower air pressure and density. At 5,000 feet, air density is about 85% of sea level. This reduces drag and can change your drop by several inches at long range. Shooters in Denver or Salt Lake City will notice their rifles shoot flatter than at sea level.Temperature
Hot air is less dense than cold air. A 40-degree temperature swing can change point of impact by 1-2 inches at 300 yards. If you zero at 70F, expect to shoot slightly high on a 100F summer day and low in 30F winter conditions.Humidity
Water vapor is lighter than the nitrogen and oxygen it displaces, so humid air is actually less dense. However, the effect is small, typically less than 1% change in air density. You can usually ignore humidity unless you're doing precision work at extreme range.Ballistics Calculator
Calculate bullet drop, wind drift, and trajectory from 0-1000 yards. Select a preset ammunition profile or enter custom ballistic data.
Ammunition
BC: 0.243 (G1)
Velocity: 3240 fps
Weight: 55 gr
Standard military ball ammunition. High velocity, velocity-dependent fragmentation.
Zero Settings
Environment
Wind
Right Crosswind at 10 mph
Trajectory Table
| Range | Vel | Energy | TOF | Drop | MOA | Drift | MOA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 yd | 3240 | 1282 | 0.000s | -2.5" | 0.0 | 0.0" | 0.0 |
| 50 yd | 3060 | 1143 | 0.048s | -0.8" | 1.5 | +0.2" | 0.4 |
| 100 yd | 2878 | 1011 | 0.098s | 0.0" | 0.0 | +1.0" | 0.9 |
| 150 yd | 2694 | 886 | 0.152s | -0.3" | 0.2 | +2.3" | 1.5 |
| 200 yd | 2508 | 768 | 0.210s | -1.7" | 0.8 | +4.3" | 2.1 |
| 250 yd | 2320 | 657 | 0.272s | -4.6" | 1.8 | +7.1" | 2.7 |
| 300 yd | 2128 | 553 | 0.339s | -9.1" | 2.9 | +10.8" | 3.5 |
| 350 yd | 1921 | 450 | 0.413s | -15.5" | 4.2 | +15.7" | 4.3 |
| 400 yd | 1695 | 351 | 0.496s | -24.2" | 5.8 | +22.2" | 5.3 |
| 450 yd | 1451 | 257 | 0.592s | -36.1" | 7.7 | +30.9" | 6.5 |
| 500 yd | 1133 | 157 | 0.708s | -52.2" | 10.0 | +43.1" | 8.2 |
| 550 yd | 897 | 98 | 0.858s | -75.1" | 13.0 | +61.4" | 10.7 |
Trajectory Chart
Line of sight = 0". Drop shown in inches.
Range in yards. Blue dot = zero distance (100 yd).
Using Your Ballistic Data
Holdover vs Turret Adjustments
There are two ways to compensate for bullet drop: hold over the target with your reticle, or dial your turret to move the point of impact up.- Holdovers: Faster for dynamic shooting. Use BDC reticle marks or estimate hold based on target size. Works best inside 400 yards where drops are manageable.
- Turret adjustments: More precise. Dial the exact MOA/MRAD correction and aim center. Essential for precision work beyond 400 yards.
MOA vs MRAD
Both are angular measurements used to quantify adjustments. Neither is inherently better: choose based on your optic.- MOA (Minute of Angle): 1 MOA = 1.047" at 100 yards (roughly 1" per 100 yards). Common on American scopes. Typical clicks: 1/4 MOA or 1/2 MOA.
- MRAD (Milliradian): 1 MRAD = 3.6" at 100 yards. Popular in military and long-range precision. Typical clicks: 0.1 MRAD. Math is simpler (base-10 system).
Creating a Dope Card
A "dope card" is a quick-reference chart of your drop and drift corrections at various distances. Use the calculator above to generate your data, then record it on a card taped to your stock or stored in a scope cover.Verify your calculated dope at the range. Real-world performance may vary slightly from calculated values due to lot-to-lot ammo variation, chronograph accuracy, and shooting conditions.Limitations & Accuracy
This calculator uses a point-mass trajectory model with atmospheric corrections. It provides accurate predictions for most shooting scenarios but has limitations:- Doesn't account for spin drift (significant only beyond 800+ yards)
- Doesn't model Coriolis effect (relevant only for extreme long range 1000+ yards)
- Assumes constant wind speed and direction (real wind is variable)
- BC values are approximations: actual performance varies by lot
Recommended Optics for Long-Range Shooting
Precision at distance requires quality glass. These optics offer the turret tracking and reticle systems discussed above. For a broader comparison, see our best LPVO guide or the zeroing guide to dial in your new optic.
Related Products
Mounts & Accessories • Budget
Aero Precision Ultralight 30mm Mount
- ✓Extended cantilever design
- ✓30mm tube diameter
$98.99
Check Price at OpticsPlanet
Complete Uppers • $449
Aero Precision Complete Upper
- ✓5.56 NATO / .223 Rem
- ✓4150 CMV or stainless barrel options
$579.99
Check Price at OpticsPlanet
Controls & Ergonomics • $59
Seekins Precision Ambidextrous Safety Selector
- ✓60° or 90° throw
- ✓Ambidextrous
$64.49
Check Price at OpticsPlanet
Match Ammunition for Consistent Ballistics
Ballistic calculations are only as good as your ammo consistency. Match-grade loads minimize lot-to-lot velocity variation. See our 5.56 ammo selection guide for detailed load comparisons.
Related Products
Ammunition • Mid-Range
IMI Razor Core 5.56 77gr OTM
- ✓77 grain OTM
- ✓5.56 NATO
Check Price at OpticsPlanet
Ammunition • Mid-Range
Hornady 75gr BTHP Match
- ✓75 grain BTHP
- ✓Match-grade
$25.49
Check Price at OpticsPlanet
Ammunition • Premium
Black Hills 77gr OTM
- ✓77 grain OTM
- ✓Sierra MatchKing bullet
Check Price at OpticsPlanet
Ammunition • Premium
Federal Gold Medal .223 69gr Match
- ✓69 grain BTHP
- ✓Sierra MatchKing
$30.69
Check Price at OpticsPlanet
Frequently Asked Questions
▶How much does a 5.56 bullet drop at 200 yards?
With a 50-yard zero, 5.56 drops approximately 3 inches at 200 yards. With a 100-yard zero, the bullet is still about 2 inches high at 200 yards. This makes both zeros practical for close to mid-range shooting without holdover adjustments.
▶How much does a 5.56 bullet drop at 300 yards?
With a 50-yard zero and M193 (55gr at 3,240 fps), 5.56 drops approximately 13-15 inches at 300 yards. With a 100-yard zero, drop is about 8-10 inches. Use our ballistics calculator above for your specific load and zero distance.
▶Is 223 or 556 more powerful?
5.56 NATO is more powerful, loaded to approximately 58,000 psi versus .223 Remington's 55,000 psi. The 5.56 NATO chamber also has a longer throat (.125 inches longer), allowing higher pressure loads. Never fire 5.56 in a .223-only chamber due to pressure concerns. .223 Wylde chambers safely shoot both.
▶What is the best zero distance for AR-15?
50-yard zero is the most practical: it gives a max ordinate of about 2 inches high at 200 yards and keeps the bullet within 6 inches of aim from 0-250 yards. 100-yard zero works for range use but requires more holdover past 200 yards.
▶What is ballistic coefficient (BC)?
BC measures how well a bullet retains velocity against air drag. Higher BC = less drop and wind drift. Match bullets (0.4-0.6 G1 BC) perform better at distance than budget FMJ (0.25-0.35 BC). BC is measured using G1 or G7 drag models.
▶How much does wind affect bullet trajectory?
At 300 yards with a 10 mph crosswind, M193 drifts about 10-12 inches. Wind has more effect than most shooters realize, and it compounds with distance. At 500 yards, the same wind causes 25-30 inches of drift. Use our calculator to practice wind holds.
▶What is the effective range of 5.56 NATO?
Point target (torso): 300-400 yards. Area target: 500-600 yards. Maximum ballistic range: 3,600 yards. Effective range depends on barrel length, ammo, and shooter skill. From a 16-inch barrel, M193 stays supersonic to about 650 yards.
▶How do I convert MOA to MRAD?
1 MOA = 0.29 MRAD (roughly 1/3 mil). 1 MRAD = 3.44 MOA. At 100 yards: 1 MOA = 1.047 inches, 1 MRAD = 3.6 inches. Our calculator outputs both. Choose MRAD if your optic is in mils, MOA if it uses MOA adjustments.
Complete Your Build
Essential accessories to round out your setup
Scroll
Next Step
Ready to continue? Here's the recommended next guide:
Recommended Next
How to Zero AR-15 Optics 2026: 50/200 Zero Chart, Printable Targets & Clicks Calculator
How to zero an AR-15 red dot, LPVO, or iron sights. Step-by-step with 50/200 zero chart, printable targets, 25-yard confirmation method, clicks calculator, and mechanical offset explained.
ABAuthor
Avid shooter with 9+ years of experience including competition shooting. Built 10+ AR-pattern rifles and several handgun platforms for home defense, competition, and suppressed night shooting.
9+ years shooting experienceCompetition shooterBuilt 10+ AR-pattern rifles
Related guides
Continue exploring with these related resources
AR-155.56 NATO
AR-15 Barrel Length 2026: 10.5" to 20" Velocity & Dwell Time Compared
Complete AR-15 5.56 barrel length comparison from 10.5" to 20". Compare muzzle velocity, effective range, overall length, dwell time, and gas system compatibility to match your mission.
Read guide
AR-15Ballistics
300 Blackout vs 5.56 vs 6.5 Grendel 2026: AR-15 Caliber Comparison (Data-Driven)
300 Blackout vs 5.56: which AR-15 caliber is best? Data-driven comparison of velocity, energy, cost, and suppressor performance for 5.56 NATO, .300 BLK, 6.5 Grendel, 7.62x39, and 6mm ARC with mission-specific recommendations.
Read guide
AR-15.300 Blackout
300 Blackout Guide 2026: Barrel Length, Suppressors & Subsonic vs Supersonic Compared
The definitive .300 Blackout guide for suppressed and PDW builds. Compare subsonic vs supersonic loads, find optimal barrel lengths (9" is the sweet spot), match suppressors, and understand true cost of ownership.
Read guide
Latest News & Reviews
Related articles and industry updates
ReviewAS Designs
AS Designs ARC-Fire Review: 400 Rounds on the SIG MCX Spear LT
Hands-on review of the AS Designs ARC-Fire forced reset selector after 400 suppressed rounds on a SIG MCX Spear LT 11.5 with Geissele SSA-E. MCX install tips, safety selector complaints, and comparison to Partisan Disruptor.
Feb 1710 min
Read article
ComparisonAR-15
Best Forced Reset Triggers & Super Safeties 2026: Buyer's Guide
Complete comparison of forced reset triggers and super safeties for AR-15: Partisan Disruptor FRT, Arc Fire, Atrius FRS, and Mars Super Safety. Performance, pricing, legality, and which system fits your build.
Feb 912 min
Read article
ReviewAR-15
Atrius FRS Review: Drop-In Forced Reset Selector for AR-15
The Atrius FRS is a drop-in forced reset selector that delivers rapid semi-auto fire at $249. Unlike FRT triggers, it works with your existing mil-spec FCG and reduces rifle wear.
Feb 49 min
Read article
This page contains affiliate links. Purchases through these links support the site at no extra cost to you. Learn more